Phenanthrene

"Phenanthrene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon composed of three fused benzene rings. The name phenanthrene is a composite of phenyl and anthracene. In its pure form, it is found in cigarette smoke and is a known irritant, photosensitizing skin to light. Phenanthrene appears as a white powder having blue fluorescence."

"The compound with a phenanthrene skeleton and nitrogens at the 4 and 5 positions is known as phenanthroline."

"Phenanthrene is nearly insoluble in water but is soluble in most organic solvents such as toluene, carbon tetrachloride, ether, chloroform, acetic acid and benzene."

1,3-Butadiene

"1,3-Butadiene is a simple conjugated diene with the formula C₄H₆. It is an important industrial chemical used as a monomer in the production of synthetic rubber. When the word butadiene is used, most of the time it refers to 1,3-butadiene."

"The name butadiene can also refer to the isomer, 1,2-butadiene, which is a cumulated diene. However, this allene is difficult to prepare and has no industrial significance."

"The butadiene industry originated in the years leading up to World War II. Many of the belligerent nations realized that in the event of war, they could be cut off from rubber plantations controlled by the British Empire, and sought to remove their dependence on natural rubber. In 1929, Eduard Tschunker and Walter Bock, working for IG Farben in Germany, made a copolymer of styrene and butadiene that could be used in automobile tires. Worldwide production quickly ensued, with butadiene being produced from grain alcohol in the Soviet Union and the United States and from coal-derived acetylene in Germany."

Acetone Peroxide

"Acetone peroxide (triacetone triperoxide, peroxyacetone, TATP, TCAP) is an organic peroxide and a primary high explosive. It takes the form of a white crystalline powder with a distinctive bleach-like odor.

"It is susceptible to heat, friction, and shock. The instability is greatly altered by impurities, including its own oligomers. It is normally fairly stable when pure trimer.   It is not easily soluble in water. It is more stable and less sensitive when wet."

"'Acetone peroxide' most commonly refers to the cyclic trimer TCAP (tri-cyclic acetone peroxide, or tri-cyclo, C₉H₁₈O₆) obtained by a reaction between hydrogen peroxide and acetone in an acid-catalyzed nucleophilic addition.^[5] The dimer (C₆H₁₂O₄) and open monomer are also formed, but under proper conditions the cyclic trimer is the primary product. A tetrameric form was also described.^[6] In mildly acidic or neutral conditions, the reaction is much slower and produces more monomeric organic peroxide than the reaction with a strong acid catalyst. Due to significant strain of the chemical bonds in the dimer and especially the monomer, they are even more unstable than the trimer."

Isocyanate

"Isocyanate is the functional group with the formula –N=C=O. Organic compounds that contains an isocyanate group are referred to as isocyanates. An isocyanate that has two isocyanate groups is known as a diisocyanate. Diisocyanates are manufactured for reactions with polyols in the production of polyurethanes. The largest use of isocyanates in industry involves the production of polymers. Polymers of common isocyanates are used in the manufacture of foams, paints, lacquers and in electrical insulation."

"Not to be confused with isocyanates are cyanates and isocyanides. Cyanate is another functional group, which is arranged as –O–C≡N. Isocyanides have the connectivity R-N≡C. Their behavior is very different from isocyanates."

Cyclopropanone

"Cyclopropanone is an organic compound with molecular formula C₃H₄O consisting of a cyclopropane carbon framework with a ketone functional group. The parent compound is labile with melting point −90 °C and has been prepared by reaction of ketene with diazomethane at −145 °C.^[1][2] Derivatives of cyclopropanone are of some interest to organic chemistry."

"In organic synthesis the use of cyclopropanone itself is substituted by that of synthons like acetals cyclopropanone ethyl hemiacetal^[4] or cyclopropanone ethyl trimethylsilyl acetal."

Xylitol

"Xylitol ( /ˈzaɪlɪtɒl/; Greek: ξύλον, xyl[on], "wood" + suffix -itol, used to denote sugar alcohols) is a sugar alcohol sweetener used as a naturally occurring sugar substitute. It is found in the fibers of many fruits and vegetables, and can be extracted from various berries, oats, and mushrooms, as well as fibrous material such as corn husks and sugar cane bagasse,^[2][3] and birch^{[citation needed]}. Xylitol is roughly as sweet as sucrose with only two-thirds the food energy."

"As with other sugar alcohols, with the exception of erythritol, consumption in excess of one's laxation threshold (the amount of sweetener that can be consumed before abdominal discomfort sets in) can result in temporary gastrointestinal side effects, such as bloating, flatulence, and diarrhea. Adaptation, an increase of the laxation threshold, occurs with regular intake. Xylitol has a lower laxation threshold than some sugar alcohols, but is more easily tolerated than others such as mannitol and sorbitol. "

"Xylitol is an organic compound with the formula (CHOH)₃(CH₂OH)₂. This achiral species is one of four isomers of pentane-1,2,3,4,5-pentol."

1,4-Dioxane

"1,4-Dioxane, often called dioxane because the other isomers of dioxane are rare, is a heterocyclic organic compound. It is a colorless liquid with a faint sweet odor similar to that of diethyl ether. It is classified as an ether. This colorless liquid is mainly used as a stabilizer for the solvent trichloroethane. It is an occasionally used solvent for a variety of practical applications as well as in the laboratory."

"Dioxane is relatively nonpolar but has superior dissolving power relative to diethyl ether. Diethyl ether is rather insoluble in water, whereas dioxane is miscible and in fact is hygroscopic. At standard pressure, the mixture of water and dioxane in the ratio 17.9:82.1 by mass is a positive azeotrope that boils at 87.6 °C.^[3] Dioxane is a versatile polar aprotic solvent. The oxygen atom is Lewis basic, so it is able to solvate many inorganic compounds. Because of its lower toxicity, it is substituted for tetrahydrofuran (THF) in some processes. However, it has a higher boiling point (101 °C versus 66 °C for THF), which is important when reactions are to be conducted at a higher temperature."

Leucine

"Leucine (abbreviated as Leu or L)^[2] is a branched-chain α-amino acid with the chemical formula HO₂CCH(NH₂)CH₂CH(CH₃)₂. Leucine is classified as a hydrophobic amino acid due to its aliphatic isobutyl side chain. It is encoded by six codons (UUA, UUG, CUU, CUC, CUA, and CUG) and is a major component of the subunits in ferritin, astacin and other 'buffer' proteins. Leucine is an essential amino acid."

"As an essential amino acid, leucine is unable to be synthesised by animals. Consequently, it must be ingested, usually as a component of proteins. In plants and microorganisms, leucine is synthesised from pyruvic acid by a series of enzymes."

"Leucine is utilized in the liver, adipose tissue, and muscle tissue. In adipose and muscle tissue, leucine is used in the formation of sterols, and the combined usage of leucine in these two tissues is seven times greater than its use in the liver."

Benzoic Acid

"Benzoic acid (pronunciation: /bɛnˈzoʊ.ɪk/), C₇H₆O₂ (or C₆H₅COOH), is a colorless crystalline solid and the simplest aromatic carboxylic acid. The name derived from gum benzoin, which was for a long time the only source for benzoic acid. Its salts are used as a food preservative and benzoic acid is an important precursor for the synthesis of many other organic substances. The salts and esters of benzoic acid are known as benzoates."

"Benzoic acid occurs naturally free and bound as benzoic acid esters in many plant and animal species. Appreciable amounts have been found in most berries (around 0.05%). Ripe fruits of several Vaccinium species (e.g., cranberry, V. vitis idaea; bilberry, V. macrocarpon) contain as much as 0.03-0.13% free benzoic acid. Benzoic acid is also formed in apples after infection with the fungus Nectria galligena. Among animals, benzoic acid has been identified primarily in omnivorous or phytophageous species, e.g., in viscera and muscles of the Rock Ptarmigan (Lagopus muta) as well as in gland secretions of male muskoxen (Ovibos moschatus) or Asian bull elephants (Elephas maximus)."

Acrolein

"Acrolein (systematic name: propenal) is the simplest unsaturated aldehyde. It is produced widely but is most often immediately reacted with other products due to its instability and toxicity. It has a piercing, disagreeable, acrid smell; the smell of burnt fat (as when cooking oil is heated to its smoke point) is caused by glycerol in the burning fat breaking down into acrolein."

"Acrolein is used in the preparation of polyester resin, polyurethane, propylene glycol, acrylic acid, acrylonitrile, and glycerol. Acrolein tends to polymerize when left at room temperature, leaving a gummy yellowish residue with a putrid odor."