Nitromethane

"Nitromethane is an organic compound with the chemical formula CH₃NO₂. It is the simplest organic nitro compound. It is a slightly viscous, highly polar liquid commonly used as a solvent in a variety of industrial applications such as in extractions, as a reaction medium, and as a cleaning solvent. As an intermediate in organic synthesis, it is used widely in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals, pesticides, explosives, fibers, and coatings. It is also used as a racing fuel in Top Fuel drag racing, and as an important component in the fuel for miniature internal combustion engines that are used in radio-controlled models."

"The principal use of nitromethane is as a stabilizer for chlorinated solvents, which are used in dry cleaning, semiconductor processing, and degreasing. It is also used most effectively as a solvent or dissolving agent for acrylate monomers, such as cyanoacrylates (more commonly known as "super-glue")."

Chrysene

"Chrysene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) with the molecular formula C₁₈H₁₂ that consists of four fused benzene rings. It is a natural constituent of coal tar, from which it was first isolated and characterized. It is also found in creosote, a chemical used to preserve wood."

"Chrysene is formed in small amounts during the burning or distillation of coal, crude oil, and plant material."

"The name "chrysene" originates from Greek Χρύσoς (chrysos), meaning "gold", and is due to the golden-yellow color of the crystals of the hydrocarbon, thought to be the proper color of the compound at the time of its isolation and characterization. However, high purity chrysene is colorless, the yellow hue being due to the traces of its yellow-orange isomer tetracene, which cannot be separated easily."

Methyl Orange

"Methyl orange is a pH indicator frequently used in titrations."

"It is often used in titrations because of its clear and distinct colour change. Because it changes colour at the pH of a mid-strength acid, it is usually used in titrations for acids. Unlike a universal indicator, methyl orange does not have a full spectrum of colour change, but has a sharper end point."

"Methyl orange has mutagenic properties."

Dimethyl Ether

"Dimethyl ether (DME), also known as methoxymethane, is the organic compound with the formula CH₃OCH₃. The simplest ether, it is a colourless gas that is a useful precursor to other organic compounds and an aerosol propellant. When combusted, DME produces minimal soot and CO, though HC and NOx formation is significant. DME can act as a clean fuel when burned in engines properly optimized for DME."

"The largest use of DME is currently (2010) as substitute for propane in LPG used as fuel in household and industry.^[6] The largest use of DME for this purpose is in China. DME has two other primary applications: as a propellant in aerosol canisters, and as a precursor to dimethyl sulfate.^[3][7] As an aerosol propellant, DME is useful as a somewhat polar solvent. It can also be used as a refrigerant."

Biotin

"Biotin, also known as Vitamin H or Coenzyme R^[2], is a water-soluble B-complex vitamin (vitamin B₇). It is composed of a ureido (tetrahydroimidizalone) ring fused with a tetrahydrothiophene ring. A valeric acid substituent is attached to one of the carbon atoms of the tetrahydrothiophene ring. Biotin is a coenzyme in the synthesis of fatty acids, isoleucine, and valine, and it plays a role in gluconeogenesis."

"Biotin is necessary for cell growth, the production of fatty acids, and the metabolism of fats and amino acids. It plays a role in the citric acid cycle, which is the process by which biochemical energy is generated during aerobic respiration. Biotin not only assists in various metabolic reactions but also helps to transfer carbon dioxide. Biotin may also be helpful in maintaining a steady blood sugar level.^[3] Biotin is often recommended for strengthening hair and nails.^{[citation needed]} As a consequence, it is found in many cosmetics and health products for the hair and skin, though it cannot be absorbed through the hair or skin itself."

Polyvinyl Acetate

"Polyvinyl acetate, PVA, PVAc, poly(ethenyl ethanoate), is a rubbery synthetic polymer with the formula (C₄H₆O₂)_n. It belongs to the polyvinyl esters family with the general formula -[RCOOCHCH₂]-. It is a type of thermoplastic."

"It should not be confused with the related polymer polyvinyl alcohol, which is called PVA also (PVAc could be considered a technically correct abbreviation for polyvinyl acetate and would aid in avoiding such confusion)."

"Polyvinyl acetate is a component of a widely-used type of glue, referred to variously as wood glue, white glue, carpenter's glue, school glue or PVA glue."

Circulenes

"Closed rings consisting of benzenes are called circulenes. [5]circulene (corannulene), [6]circulene (coronene), [7]circulene^[1] and [12]circulene (kekulene) have been synthesized in the laboratory. These compounds belong to a larger class of geodesic polyarenes. Whereas [5]circulene is bowl-shaped and [6]circulene is planar, [7]circulene has a unique saddle-shaped structure (compare to cones and partial cones in calixarenes). Conceptually related compounds are the helicenes."

Oleandrin

"Oleandrin is a toxic cardiac glycoside found in oleander (Nerium oleander L.). Along with neandrin it is primarily responsible for the toxicity of the sap of oleander. Oleandrin has been used for many years in China and Russia for its properties as a cardiac glycoside, for both suicidal and therapeutic purposes as in treatment of cardiac insufficiency."

"The structure of oleandrin contains a central steroid nucleus with an unsaturated lactone ring structure on C17 and a dideoxy arabinose group on C3. In addition, the steroid ring has a substitute of a acetyloxy group on C16.^[1] Oleandrin resembles very much other glycosides like ouabain and digoxin but has less effect than digoxin. It is however, just like its derivate oleandrigenin, a more potent glycoside than ouabain."

Imidazole

"Imidazole is an organic compound with the formula C₃H₄N₂. This aromatic heterocyclic is a diazole and is classified as an alkaloid. Imidazole refers to the parent compound, whereas imidazoles are a class of heterocycles with similar ring structure, but varying substituents. This ring system is present in important biological building-blocks, such as histidine, and the related hormone histamine. Imidazole can serve as a base and as a weak acid. Many drugs contain an imidazole ring, such as antifungal drugs and nitroimidazole."

"Imidazole is a 5-membered planar ring, which is soluble in water and other polar solvents. It exists in two equivalent tautomeric forms, 1H-imidazole and 3H-imidazole, because the hydrogen atom can be located on either of the two nitrogen atoms. Imidazole is a highly polar compound, as evidenced by a calculated dipole of 3.61D, and is entirely soluble in water. The compound is classified as aromatic due to the presence of a sextet of π-electrons, consisting of a pair of electrons from the protonated nitrogen atom and one from each of the remaining four atoms of the ring."

Nitrobenzene

"Nitrobenzene is an organic compound with the chemical formula C₆H₅NO₂. It is a water-insoluble pale yellow oil with an almond-like odor. It freezes to give greenish-yellow crystals. It is produced on a large scale as a precursor to aniline. Although occasionally used as a flavoring or perfume additive, nitrobenzene is highly toxic in large quantities. In the laboratory, it is occasionally used as a solvent, especially for electrophilic reagents."

"Nitrobenzene is highly toxic (Threshold Limit Value 5 mg/m³) and readily absorbed through the skin."

"Prolonged exposure may cause serious damage to the central nervous system, impair vision, cause liver or kidney damage, anemia and lung irritation. Inhalation of fumes may induce headache, nausea, fatigue, dizziness, cyanosis, weakness in the arms and legs, and in rare cases may be fatal. The oil is readily absorbed through the skin and may increase heart rate, cause convulsions or rarely death. Ingestion may similarly cause headaches, dizziness, nausea, vomiting and gastrointestinal irritation, loss of limbs and also causes internal bleeding."