Cyanamide

"Cyanamide is an organic compound with the formula CN₂H₂. This white solid is widely used in agriculture and the production of pharmaceuticals and other organic compounds. It is also used as an alcohol deterrent drug in Canada, Europe and Japan. The molecule features a nitrile group attached to an amino group. Although it is similar in structure to hydrogen cyanide, it is not as toxic. Derivatives of this compound are also referred to as cyanamides, the most common being calcium cyanamide (CaCN₂)."

"Containing both a nucleophilic and electrophilic site within the same molecule, cyanamide undergoes various reactions with itself. Cyanamide exists as two tautomers, one with the connectivity NCNH₂ and the other with the formula HNCNH ("diimide" tautomer). The NCNH₂ form dominates, but in a few reactions (e.g. silylation) the diimide form appears to be important."

Hexanitrobenzene

"Hexanitrobenzene, also known as HNB, is a high-density explosive compound with chemical formula C₆N₆O₁₂, obtained by oxidizing the amine group of pentanitroaniline with hydrogen peroxide in sulfuric acid."

"HNB has the undesirable property of being moderately sensitive to light and therefore hard to utilize safely. It is not currently used in any production explosives applications, though it is used as a precursor chemical in one method of production of TATB, another explosive."

"HNB was experimentally used as a gas source for explosively pumped gas dynamic laser.^[2] In this application, HNB and tetranitromethane is preferred to more conventional explosives because the explosion products CO₂ and N₂ are a simple enough mixture to simulate gas dynamic processes and quite similar to conventional gas dynamic laser medium. The water and hydrogen products of many other explosives could interfere with vibrational states of CO₂ in this type of laser."

Polylactic Acid

"Poly(lactic acid) or polylactide (PLA) is a thermoplastic aliphatic polyester derived from renewable resources, such as corn starch (in the United States), tapioca products (roots, chips or starch mostly in Asia) or sugarcanes (in the rest of world). It can biodegrade under certain conditions, such as the presence of oxygen, and is difficult to recycle."

"The name "polylactic acid" is to be used with caution, not complying to standard nomenclatures (such as IUPAC) and potentially leading to ambiguity (PLA is not a polyacid (polyelectrolyte), but rather a polyester)."

"Due to the chiral nature of lactic acid, several distinct forms of polylactide exist: poly-L-lactide (PLLA) is the product resulting from polymerization of L,L-lactide (also known as L-lactide). PLLA has a crystallinity of around 37%, a glass transition temperature between 60-65 °C, a melting temperature between 173-178 °C and a tensile modulus between 2.7-16 GPa.^[3][4] However, heat resistant PLA can withstand temperatures of 110C."

Aziridine

"Aziridines are organic compounds containing the aziridine functional group, a three-membered heterocycle with one amine group and two methylene groups.^[3][4] The parent compound is aziridine (or ethylene imine), with molecular formula C₂H₅N."

"The bond angles in aziridine are approximately 60°, considerably less than the normal hydrocarbon bond angle of 109.5°, which results in angle strain as in the comparable cyclopropane and oxirane molecules. A banana bond model explains bonding in such compounds. Aziridine is less basic than acyclic aliphatic amines, with a pKa of 7.9 for the conjugate acid, due to increased s character of the nitrogen free electron pair. Angle strain in aziridine also increases the barrier to nitrogen inversion. This barrier height permits the isolation of separate invertomers, for example the cis and trans invertomers of N-chloro-2-methylaziridine."

Hexamethylenediamine

"Hexamethylenediamine is the organic compound with the formula H₂N(CH₂)₆NH₂. The molecule is a diamine, consisting of a hexamethylene hydrocarbon chain terminated with amine functional groups. The colorless solid (yellowish for some commercial samples) has a strong amine odor, similar to piperidine. About 1 billion kilograms are produced annually."

"Hexamethylenediamine is used almost exclusively for the production of polymers, an application that takes advantage of its bifunctional structure. The great majority of the diamine is consumed by the production of nylon 6-6 via condensation with adipic acid. Otherwise hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) is generated from this diamine as a monomer feedstock in the production of polyurethane. The diamine also serves as a cross-linking agent in epoxy resins."

Sorbitol

"Sorbitol, also known as glucitol, is a sugar alcohol that the human body metabolizes slowly. It can be obtained by reduction of glucose, changing the aldehyde group to a hydroxyl group. Sorbitol is found in apples, pears, peaches, and prunes.^[1] It is synthesized by sorbitol-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and converted to fructose by succinate dehydrogenase and sorbitol dehydrogenase.^[1] Succinate dehydrogenase is an enzyme complex that participates in the citric acid cycle."

"Sorbitol is a sugar substitute. It may be listed under the inactive ingredients listed for some foods and products. Sorbitol is referred to as a nutritive sweetener because it provides dietary energy: 2.6 kilocalories (11 kilojoules) per gram versus the average 4 kilocalories (17 kilojoules) for carbohydrates. It is often used in diet foods (including diet drinks and ice cream), mints, cough syrups, and sugar-free chewing gum."

"It also occurs naturally in many stone fruits and berries from trees of the genus Sorbus."

Paraformaldehyde

"Paraformaldehyde (PFA) is the smallest polyoxymethylene, it is the condensation reaction product of formaldehyde with a typical degree of polymerization of 8–100 units. Paraformaldehyde commonly has a slight odor of formaldehyde due to decomposition. Paraformaldehyde is a poly-acetal"

"Paraformaldehyde is used as fumigant, disinfectant, fungicide, and fixative, and for the preparation of pure formaldehyde. Longer chain-length (high molecular weight) polyoxymethylenes are used as thermoplastic and are known as polyoxymethylene plastic (POM, Delrin). It was used in the past in the discredited Sargenti method of root canal treatment. "

Dystrophin

"Dystrophin is a rod-shaped cytoplasmic protein, and a vital part of a protein complex that connects the cytoskeleton of a muscle fiber to the surrounding extracellular matrix through the cell membrane. This complex is variously known as the costamere or the dystrophin-associated protein complex. Many muscle proteins, such as α-dystrobrevin, syncoilin, synemin, sarcoglycan, dystroglycan, and sarcospan, colocalize with dystrophin at the costamere."

"The Dystrophin gene is one of the longest human genes known, covering 2.2 megabases (0.07% of the human genome) at locus Xp21. The primary transcript measures about 2,400 kilobases and takes 16 hours to transcribe^[1]; the mature mRNA measures 14.0 kilobases.^[2] The 79 exons^[3] code for a protein of over 3500 amino acid residues."

Methyl Butyrate

"Methyl butyrate, also known under the systematic name methyl butanoate, is the methyl ester of butyric acid. Like most esters, it has a fruity odor, in this case resembling apples or pineapples.^[2] At room temperature, it is a colorless liquid with low solubility in water, upon which it floats to form an oily layer. Although it is flammable, it has a relatively low vapor pressure (40 mmHg at 30 °C (86 °F)), so it can be safely handled at room temperature without special safety precautions."

"Methyl butyrate is present in small amounts in several plant products, especially pineapple oil.^[4] It can be produced by distillation from essential oils of vegetable origin, but is also manufactured on a small scale for use in perfumes^[5] and as a food flavoring."

"Methyl butyrate has been used in combustion studies as a surrogate fuel for the larger fatty acid methyl esters found in biodiesel. However, studies have shown that, due to its short-chain length, methyl butyrate does not reproduce well the negative temperature coefficient (NTC) behaviour and early CO₂ formation characteristics of real biodiesel fuels. Therefore, methyl butyrate is not a suitable surrogate fuel for biodiesel combustion studies."

Glutaric Acid

"Glutaric acid is the organic compound with the formula C₃H₆(COOH)₂ . Although the related "linear" dicarboxylic acids adipic and succinic acids are water-soluble only to a few percent at room temperature, the water-solubility of glutaric acid is over 50%."

"Glutaric acid can be prepared by the ring-opening of butyrolactone with potassium cyanide to give the mixed potassium carboxylate-nitrile that is hydrolyzed to the diacid.^[1] Alternatively hydrolysis, followed by oxidation of dihydropyran gives glutaric acid. It can also be prepared from reacting 1,3-dibromopropane with sodium or potassium cyanide to obtain the dinitrile, followed by hydrolysis."